Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common and potentially serious respiratory disorder that primarily affects premature newborns. It occurs when a baby's lungs are not fully developed, leading to difficulty breathing and insufficient oxygen exchange. RDS is caused by a lack of surfactant, a substance that helps the lungs expand and contract properly. Symptoms of RDS include rapid breathing, grunting, flaring nostrils, and a bluish tint to the skin. Treatment typically involves providing supplemental oxygen, administering surfactant therapy, and sometimes using a mechanical ventilator to assist with breathing. With medical intervention, most babies with RDS can recover fully, although some may experience breathing difficulties later in life.